American Board of Cardiovascular Perfusion (ABCP) Board Practice Exam

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• The role of the hollow fiber in an oxygenator is to:
• True or False: Heparin inhibits coagulation at the end of the cascade after most proteins have become active.
• Which of the following arachnidonic acid metabolites is a pulmonary vasoconstrictor?
• Which type of flow is typically favored in the design of an oxygenator for efficient gas exchange?
• What percentage of oxygen carried in blood is dissolved in the water of plasma and cells?
• During fetal circulation, pressure gradients primarily allow blood to shunt from which atrium to which atrium across the foramen ovale?
• Which of the following statements about dilutional coagulopathy during CPB is true?
• What substance lowers the surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse?
• Platelets are collected for transfusion either by centrifugation of plasma from a unit of whole blood or by which method?
• The Berlin heart is an example of a ____________ device.
• The presence of surface tension in a membrane oxygenator primarily affects:
• What is the maximum decrease in lung and chest wall compliance after 3 days post-surgery?
• Which buffer system functions primarily to maintain pH levels in the blood?
• How does Polyvinyl Chloride tubing usually deteriorate in the roller pump?
• Which gas has the highest percentage in atmospheric air?
• Ultrafiltration done post-ECC primarily in pediatrics to hemoconcentrate and remove inflammatory mediators is known as what?
• What is one pathology that subaortic stenosis may present as?
• How can aortic dissection caused by the aortic cannula be detected when using a roller pump?
• Washed blood must be kept refrigerated and generally must be transfused within how many hours?
• Which physiological change is desirable during cardiopulmonary bypass in terms of temperature?
• What type of blood flow is primarily used during hypothermic circulatory arrest?
• What life-threatening condition can arise from severe hypotension?
• On which side of the spinal column is the azygous vein located?
• How can the effectiveness of the cardiotomy reservoir be assessed during surgery?
• In terms of O2 saturation, which site typically has the lowest saturation?
• Which type of emboli is NOT categorized when discussing embolic events?
• In which part of the heart does ventricular systole begin?
• Which physiological adaptation is observed during CPB to counteract inadequate splanchnic perfusion?
• The partial pressure of water vapor in alveolar air is approximately how many mmHg?
• Which of the following is a common finding when using a roller pump?
• Which organ does not currently have good indicators for function or injury in the perioperative period?
• Which statement best describes maximum gas exchange in an oxygenator?
• Which of the following conditions would be assessed during the termination of ECC?
• What technique is necessary to prevent myocardial distension during hypothermia and fibrillatory arrest?
• What are two procedures used to correct pulmonary stenosis or atresia?
• What is a primary role of complemented activation in the immune response?
• What is the mean hydrostatic pressure of the capillary?
• According to Gravlee, how should pH management during DHCA be conducted during cooling and warming phases?
• What is the potent vasodilator known for its venodilation effects?
• Which statement about Type O plasma is true?
• What is the minimum priming volume for a 3/8" tubing?
• More than half of the lymph is derived from which organs?
• Where is the sinoatrial node located within the heart structure?
• What is the main function of capillaries in the circulatory system?
• Are anesthetic requirements increased or decreased by hypothermia?
• Indications for FFP transfusion include all of the following EXCEPT:
• What is the primary reason blood is propelled through the foramen ovale in fetal circulation?
• True or False: Between 1 and 6 volts of 60 cycle current can cause continual ventricular fibrillation.
• High gas flow to blood flow ratios result in which of the following?
• What role does ultrafiltration play in the context of cardiopulmonary bypass?
• Pressure monitoring of the PA system by the pulmonary artery catheter causes this complication with the greatest frequency.
• What factor best explains why pulmonary edema primarily affects oxygen uptake rather than CO2 elimination?
• What is a common clinical implication of altered lymph flow?
• What occurs as a result of the release of tPA and uPA by endothelial cells during clot breakdown?
• In the context of cardioplegia, what does the term 'antegrade' refer to?
• Which drug inhibits the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin?
• How much more energy is required to produce pulsatile perfusion compared to non-pulsatile perfusion?
• Are complications of autotransfusion typically related to the volume of blood transfused?
• What is commonly regarded as the easiest way to diagnose a cardiac problem?
• Heat exchange is optimized under:
• In which situation is IABP augmentation contraindicated?
• Which screening tests are used for secondary hemostasis?
• O2 content/O2 capacity is equated with which of the following terms?
• What condition is marked by an increased number of white blood cells?
• What happens to cerebral blood flow in response to the hemodilution effects of CPB?
• The micropores of a hemoconcentrator are ____________ compared to the size of the micropores found in ultrafiltration membranes.
• What is the normal O2 saturation in the pulmonary artery (PA)?
• What is a potential risk associated with using a roller pump during cardiac procedures?
• Which electrolyte disturbance is NOT commonly associated with the effects of insulin resistance during surgery?
• Which of the following statements about the right coronary cusp is correct?
• Fluid flows through a tube uniformly or in concentric layers?
• What percentage of hemolysis is attributed to suctioning during perfusion?
• What is the primary concern in management of patients regarding hypovolemic hypotension?
• A patient at termination of ECC presenting with high blood pressure, high filling pressure, and high stroke volume is likely:
• Which of the following is NOT an example that activates platelets?
• If an arterial cannula with a right-angled tip is used, it is often initially directed towards the heart and then rotated how many degrees to confirm intraluminal placement?
• Which vessels are primarily responsible for transporting lymph back to the circulation?
• True or False: The use of bromcresol green has been shown to effectively remove bacteria associated with gross contamination during a centrifugal process and saline rinse.
• Which statement regarding GI complications after cardiac surgery is correct?
• True or False: Platelets adhere to surface absorbed albumin but not to surface absorbed adhesive proteins.
• In terms of oxygen delivery, the efficiency of a membrane oxygenator is influenced by:
• True or False: Infants may benefit from alpha-stat management during DHCA.
• Which law of the heart states that the heart will eject all of the blood that enters over a broad range of volumes?
• Which benefit has been suggested for pulsatile perfusion?
• Which type of cardiac arrest is characterized by the absence of heart movement?
• Which of the following is NOT a pathologic presentation of acute lung injury?
• Dialysis operates through diffusion while ultrafiltration utilizes what method to eliminate solutes?
• What primarily regulates lymphatic flow throughout the body?
• For 1/4 inch tubing, what was the recorded maximum flow in a study of siphon venous drainage?
• Which of the following is not a function of the cardiotomy reservoir?
• What is the approximate number of capillaries in a normal adult?
• The amplitude of the pulsation in pulsatile perfusion relates to what?
• Which of the following is not considered a rotary pump?
• Elevated levels of histamine in the blood can lead to what physiological outcome?
• Which component is involved in the hemostatic process?
• In pharmacodynamics, binding refers to what primary action?
• Which buffer base is found in both plasma and erythrocytes?
• What complication can occur due to improper pressure monitoring in PA systems by pulmonary artery catheters?
• What enzyme cleaves plasminogen into plasmin during the clot dissolution process?
• What is defined as the pressure exerted by any one gas in a mixture of gases or in a liquid?
• True or False: All centrifugal pumps will generate heat depending on the amount of energy that is imparted into the blood. If a pump needs a high amount of energy, LESS energy will be lost as heat.
• Which of the following is the functional unit of the kidney?
• What does the term 'hyperfibrinolysis' refer to?
• What physiological change is associated with acute decompensated heart failure?
• Which of the following is NOT a process that calcium is involved in?
• When does peak lung and chest wall compliance decrease after a sternotomy?
• Which of the following is a disadvantage of turbulent flow?
• Which is considered beneficial when preventing acute lung injury?
• Dexamethasone is a potent, synthetic:
• What is the number one effect allogenic transfusion have on a recipient's immunologic functions?
• Which factor is known to activate plasminogen?
• Which of the following best describes gaseous microemboli?
• What are the divisions of each valve cusp referred to as?
• Cerebral blood flow accounts for what percentage of the cardiac output?
• What is the normal GFR per day?
• Access for correction of AV canal is obtained through which structure?
• What is the maximum height that water can be raised in a siphon?
• The release of norepinephrine by nerve impulses interacts with which receptors?
• The major branches of the left coronary artery are:
• What factors contribute to hemostatic disorders?
• Which type of valve prevents backflow of blood into the ventricles?
• Where is the V1 positive electrode for the chest or precordial lead located?
• What is the most significant advantage of VV ECMO over VA ECMO?
• Oxygen delivery to tissues depends on certain specific conditions. Which of the following is NOT one of these conditions?
• Hypothermia causes all of the following except for which one?
• What enzyme is responsible for breaking down fibrinogen?
• What structure prevents backflow of blood from the aorta to the left ventricle?
• What is the normal dosage for Neo-Synephrine?
• True or False: Cardiotomy reservoirs are extremely effective at defoaming the extraordinary amount of emboli developed during intracardiac and intraperitoneal suctioning.
• How much oxyhemoglobin can blood with a 15g hemoglobin carry?
• What is the defoaming agent commonly used in cardiotomies?
• What is the primary complication associated with autotransfusion?
• Which surgical technique might reduce cerebral injury associated with open-heart surgery?
• Which of the following factors is crucial for ensuring effective myocardial protection during cardioplegia?
• What is one effect of hypothermia on body function?
• What is an AV canal?
• Which type of cardioplegia may be less effective in the presence of calcified aorta?
• Which two types of adrenergic receptors are theorized to exist?
• What accompanies perioperative insulin resistance of glucose metabolism?
• Which type of blood vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the heart?
• Which of the following mechanical complications was reported as the most common in neonatal ECMO circuits?
• Which of the following factors can contribute to heparin resistance?
• According to Poiseuille's Law, pressure equals flow multiplied by what?
• Nutrients and waste products from the body are transported to and from tissues by which system?
• An advantage of blood cardioplegia is its ability for what?
• The principle of a membrane oxygenator relies primarily on which of the following processes?
• In conditions of ischemia, what phenomenon can contribute to myocardial injury after blood flow is restored?
• True or False: Allogenic transfusions refer to blood transfused donated by and transfused to the same person.
• What does the anterior cardiac venous system comprise?
• Signs of unacclimated patients at high altitude would most likely include:
• Which type of cannula is typically used for venous drainage during cardiopulmonary bypass?
• What is the velocity of blood at the surface layer of the tubing?
• What condition may result from neutrophil aggregation during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)?
• What is the typical oncotic pressure of an average capillary?
• Which of the following statements about the autonomic nervous system is true?
• Is it true that fixed intraluminal obstructions violate existing compensation for perfusion adequacy?
• What are capillaries in the bone marrow, spleen, and liver called due to their structural differences?
• During congenital intracardiac surgery, excessive venous blood draining into the right atrium may indicate the presence of a/an:
• The treatment for an antithrombin III deficiency is:
• True or False: As temperature increases, pressure drop increases.
• Sodium reabsorption does not occur in which part of the nephron?
• True or False: Nitrogen microbubbles are more dangerous in blood than those of oxygen or carbon dioxide.
• What is the best all-around material for heat exchangers?
• What is a significant benefit of using antegrade cardioplegia?
• If pulmonary blood flow is low, what type of shunt would the symptoms suggest?
• Which organ in the thoracic region is not perfused during cardiopulmonary bypass?
• What is the recommended blood volume for pediatric perfusion?
• Which agent is primarily used in cardiopulmonary bypass to prevent clot formation?
• What is the advantage associated with the use of both retrograde and antegrade cardioplegia in reoperative patients?
• True or False: Arteriosclerosis decreases arterial compliance causing increased pulse pressure.
• Pharmacodynamics are influenced by all of the following except?
• Of the following commercially available centrifugal pumps, which has the smallest prime volume?
• Iloprost is an analog of:
• Which of the following is not a method to prevent or treat perioperative atelectasis?
• What is the optimal flow rate during cardiopulmonary bypass in adults to maintain adequate organ perfusion?
• Which of the following factors can influence oxygen delivery to tissues?
• Atelectasis of the lower lobe accounts for 60-70% of post-CPB atelectasis. Which of the following will promote airway collapse?
• The endocardium is primarily composed of what type of cells that contact the blood?
• Which of the following is a physiologic effect of IAB counterpulsation?
• Which method is superior for revealing the size and shape of the heart?
• What is it called when the heart fails to pump blood into the aorta under sufficient pressure?
• What complication could arise from the aggregation of leukocytes during CPB?
• In physiological terms, what does hypoxia usually cause?
• What is the main role of the AV node in the heart?
• Which of the following is NOT a benefit of pulsatile perfusion?
• What qualities does the tunica intima of the artery have?
• What is the term for the "third coronary artery" that has been reported in some individuals?
• Which of the following is NOT part of the conduction pathway in the heart?
• The hollow fibers of a hemoconcentrator typically measure what micron size?
• What does the P wave of an EKG represent?
• Which component of blood helps in clotting?
• What is the main purpose of the cardiotomy during surgical procedures?
• Which of the following is not a risk factor of venous thromboembolism?
• Facts about rheological effects of physical forces indicate which of the following?
• What percentage of patients undergoing a CAB have experienced cerebral infarct before the surgery?
• The Starling hypothesis states that under normal conditions there is a state of near equilibrium of the mean forces determining what?
• What is the primary function of the kidney in preserving internal homeostasis?
• What is the form of energy that facilitates the active transport of sodium across the membrane?
• Which term best describes the phenomenon of decreased oxygen availability to tissues?
• Which factor primarily affects the effectiveness of oxygenator membranes during perfusion?
• Which of the following is NOT one of the three broad areas used to describe shock?
• Rank the gases in atmospheric air from greatest to least in percentage: O2, CO2, nitrogen, water.
• During which event along a CPB run is the highest embolic count per minute recorded?
• In the hollow fiber oxygenator design, blood flow is ________ the fiber bundle while gas flow is _________ the hollow fibers.
• When vent cannulation occurs through the RSPV, what risk may arise if the sump is removed after the heart resumes beating?
• What viral hepatitis is transmitted from fecal contamination of drinking water?
• What is the minimal cardiac index used in pediatric patients?
• Which principle is crucial for understanding gas exchange in a blood gas exchange device?
• EDTA and sodium citrate prevent blood coagulation by:
• What is the primary function of plasmin in the blood?
• Is Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) considered the most common disease transmitted by homologous transfusion?
• When compared to true membranes, how might hydrophobic microporous membrane oxygenators differ?
• Which of the following best describes the effect of shear stress on erythrocytes?
• What term describes the pressure produced by a liquid?
• Which of the following is not a situation that would result in diminished balloon waveforms during IABP therapy?
• What is a key advantage of continuous warm blood cardioplegia?
• What is the Celsius equivalent of 61 degrees Fahrenheit?
• What blood product type can a patient with A blood type safely receive?
• What describes a properly set roller pump?
• Which condition can precipitate hepatic dysfunction during prolonged perfusion?
• For a 70kg man, what is the normal plasma volume and interstitial fluid volume, respectively?
• The driving pressure will cause gas to diffuse from a high pressure to what?
• Which drug causes vasodilation through beta-adrenergic actions and alpha-adrenergic blockage?
• The majority of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood is carried in which form?
• True or False: Seizures after CPB are significantly more frequent in neonates compared to adults.
• All of the following factors contribute to pump lung EXCEPT:
• Endothelial tissues possess what type of charge?
• What is the approximate effective hydrostatic pressure at the arteriolar end of the capillary?
• What is the primary function of chordae tendineae in the heart?
• What term describes the condition where the volume of circulating blood is too low to maintain adequate tissue perfusion?
• Which material is commonly used to make connectors in perfusion systems?
• What is the purpose of using intermittent x-clamping during cardiac surgery?
• Which factor is most likely to affect blood viscosity?
• What is defined as the mathematical description of how a drug is handled in the body?
• What affects the effectiveness of heparin in patients?
• True or False: Hyperlactatemia after cardiac surgery is typically due to increased lactate production.
• Heart valve leaflets are mainly composed of:
• Which factors should be considered when assessing the risk of atelectasis post-CPB?
• True or False: Vagal nerve stimulation causes inhibition of the SA and/or AV node, leading to a slower heart rate and decreased contraction.
• Which three major EKG findings indicate WPW Syndrome?
• True or False: The SVC has a lower venous saturation than the IVC.
• Treatment for blood transfusion reaction should include which modalities?
• With a flow of 4L/min and a reservoir level of 1L, what will be the reaction time?
• Regarding the incidence of training venous air, what was found about the use of VAVD?
• If viscosity of a fluid is constant, it is considered "Newtonian". What makes blood exhibit non-Newtonian behavior?
• Which organ can be effectively protected by having an LV vent present?
• What is used to treat excessive bleeding from systemic hyperfibrinolysis?
• Which of the following is NOT a typical risk factor for heart disease?
• Which structure initiates the electrical impulse in the heart?
• What is the single most important preoperative risk factor for predicting postoperative renal failure?
• What does the term 'ejection fraction' measure?
• Where does the formation of blood cells primarily take place in a normal adult?
• Neutrophils are activated during CPB by shear stress, contact with the circuit, and what other factor?
• What is the customary heparinizing dose in mg?
• Which of the following is NOT a resistance variable to venous return?
• Is D5W contraindicated for medical use in patients with diabetic coma while blood glucose is high and in patients with delirium tremens?
• What percentage of cases experience GI complications as a result of CPB?
• Which products are commonly utilized to reduce hemodilution during pediatric bypass circuits?
• What is a benefit of using a roller pump?
• What is the greatest hazard associated with a heat exchanger?
• In relation to the right ventricle, where is the left ventricle primarily located?
• What is the term for the space where axon collaterals of one neuron meet dendrites of another neuron?
• In an anterior view of the heart, which two portions make up the majority of the visual area?
• What condition may require the use of ECMO in patients?
• What is a primary goal of cardiopulmonary bypass during surgery?
• Which of the following medications is primarily used to manage hypertension?
• What anatomical landmark lies just below the superior border of the heart?
• It is desirable to maximize thermal transfer by:
• Which of the following is NOT a method of preventing or treating emboli?
• What helps maintain physiologically correct flow pressure architecture in pump-produced pulsatile waveforms?
• How many times more soluble is carbon dioxide compared to oxygen?
• According to Poiseuille's law, viscosity will be related to flow in what manner?
• What term is used to describe the chemical attraction of certain cells to an area of invasion?
• What may initiate hyperfibrinolysis?
• What is NOT a result of the complement split product C5a?
• What is a common indicator of renal failure?
• What is the minimum weight a patient should be to effectively use a 1/2" venous line?
• In a conduit under steady-state flow conditions, where is the maximum flow velocity located?
• What is the term for the intermittent contraction and relaxation of metarterioles?
• Excessively large tidal volumes and repetitive opening and closing of the alveoli are consequences of which process?
• What is the size of gas filters used in perfusion, measured in microns?
• At what point does a cardiac cycle technically begin?
• What role does the tunica adventitia play in blood vessels?
• Usually, fluid removal from an ultrafiltrator is in the range of ______________mL/min.
• The hollow fibers of an ultrafiltration device are similar to which part of a nephron?
• The mean effective hydrostatic pressure and the mean effective osmotic pressure results in a slight excess or deficit of fluid movement into which space?
• What term is defined as inadequate oxygen delivery to the cells?
• The endoaortic clamp for antegrade cardioplegia delivery is usually inflated to which pressure?
• What does the VDD pacing system specifically do?
• Which physiological process primarily uses oxygen in the cells?
• What is an appropriate management strategy for severe hypotension in a patient with heart failure?
• Which of the following is a common complication of prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass?
• What is the primary purpose of transesophageal echocardiography during cardiac surgery?
• What proportion of the total resistance to blood flow in systemic circulation is presented by arterioles?
• What is the consequence of high energy requirements in centrifugal pump design?
• What term describes separation of air bubbles from the blood in venous lines?
• Which of the following drugs is a serine protease inhibitor administered during CPB to decrease perioperative bleeding?
• What is the correct sequence for tracing the flow of conduction through the heart starting at the SA node?
• Which of these conditions is characterized by an elevated stroke volume?
• After thoracotomy or sternotomy, lung and chest wall compliance will have a maximum decrease of what percentage after 6 days?
• The signal transduction pathway includes all of the following except?
• During which procedure is ultrafiltration primarily applied?
• Which of the following is not an example of perioperative autologous blood recovery?
• What aspect of blood is critical for oxygen transport in the body?
• What effect does a left shift of the oxygen dissociation curve indicate?
• What type of blood vessel returns deoxygenated blood to the heart?
• If carotid or aortic sinus pressor receptors are triggered, which of the following is NOT an expected response?
• What component of the circulatory system allows for the exchange of nutrients and waste products?
• Atelectasis is known to do which of the following?
• Which type of circuit tubing is preferred to maintain physiological pressure architecture in pulsatile waveforms?
• Complications associated with CPB and OHS that relate to bleeding include activation of platelets, fibrinolysis, heparin, and which of the following?
• What is the tunica adventitia primarily composed of?
• Levophed is the trade name for which substance?
• The interatrial septum separates the:
• Hypoperfusion of the liver through the portal vein leads to tissue accumulation of adenosine, which induces what effect on the hepatic artery?
• Which condition can be potentially mitigated by using pharmacokinetics?
• Which of the following is not a complication seen from the use of coronary perfusion for myocardial protection?
• What is considered the main function of the coronary arteries?
• What organ receives the entire circulation and plays an important function in the production of angiotensin II, prostacyclin, and endothelin I?
• What layer of a blood vessel consists of tough connective tissue and some elastic fibers?
• Which of the following is primarily responsible for oxygen transport in the blood?
• Which organ has the lowest oxygen consumption per unit weight under normal physiologic conditions?
• True or False: Renal impairment likely influences heparin longevity.
• What action is a perfusionist likely to take if hemolysis is noted during a procedure?
• What is a common cause of Heparin Resistance?
• In a study of siphon venous drainage, what were the maximum flows recorded for 3/8 inch tubing at lengths of 20" to 30"?
• What is the preferred vasodilator for pulmonary dilation?
• Which of these choices is not considered a prevention method for acute lung injury?
• What type of pump is best suited for producing the most physiologically correct pulsatile flow?
• Which of the following does EKG not record activation for?
• What is the purpose of using Aprotinin during cardiac surgery?
• Which of the following is not a reason for bleeding complications typically associated with CPB?
• What type of layer do capillaries possess that is continuous with arteries and veins?
• The specific heat of blood is ______kcal/kg/*C.
• At what rate does lymph re-enter the general circulation per hour?
• Which division is NOT part of the autonomic nervous system?
• What flow rate corresponds to 1/2 inch tubing in the siphon venous drainage study?
• Which of the following techniques is NOT utilized in the catheterization of the left heart?
• Which factor limits the application of Pouiselle's Law in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)?
• What type of pump is a positive displacement pump?
• Which enzyme level is commonly elevated in renal disorders?
• Which agency has federal oversight responsibility for ensuring the safety of our nation's blood supply?
• What effect does rewarming have on perfusion of the splanchnic viscera during surgery?
• What is considered normal resting coronary blood flow?
• True or False: The most common gastrointestinal complication linked with cardiopulmonary bypass is diarrhea.
• Perioperative renal dysfunction is defined as a serum creatinine higher than what value?
• What is the pressure at the venule end of the capillary?
• Which condition does not prolong an Activated Clotting Time (ACT)?
• What is referred to as an abnormally low RBC count?
• Which type of leukocyte is the most common in the blood?
• Mitochondrial genes are inherited exclusively from which parent?
• Which of the following is not a result of rewarming in regards to the splanchnic viscera?
• What is a potential consequence of suboptimal oxygenation during cardiopulmonary bypass?
• What is the most important extracellular electrolyte in maintaining fluid balance?
• Which of the following is not a sympathetic amine used for acute renal failure therapy?
• Which of the following are the names of the pulmonary valve cusps?
• What is the primary function of neutrophils?
• Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of femoral or iliac cannulation?
• True or False: Generally, more arteries are present to supply blood to an organ than there are veins to drain it.
• Which substance increases oxygen radical-induced myocardial reperfusion injury?
• Where would the cross clamp be placed when repairing a descending aortic dissection?
• With normal renal function, the half-life of Cephalexin is:
• What is not influenced by a patient's age?
• What mechanism is primarily responsible for diffuse tissue edema during cardiopulmonary bypass?
• Gas flow through a membrane oxygenator goes through the _____________ and then the _____________.
• What equation best corresponds to cardiac output during cardiac catheterization?
• True or False: Barbiturates are commonly used alongside DHCA for enhancing cerebral protection during intracranial surgeries.
• What is the primary limitation when administering antegrade cardioplegia?
• The primary function of the circulatory system is to:
• During what phase of the cardiac cycle does the atrial pressure exceed ventricular pressure, allowing blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles?
• Coronary blood flow is about what percentage of cardiac output?
• What role do effective proteins play in signal transduction pathways?
• Which component of the cardiovascular system is primarily responsible for oxygen transport in the blood?
• Which physical characteristic is NOT taken into account when calculating the transfer of oxygen in a blood gas exchange device?
• Which layer of the blood vessel is primarily responsible for vasodilation and vasoconstriction?
• Which of the following is considered a benefit of delivering cardioplegia through conduits?
• What is the characteristic shape of a red blood cell?
• What is the rate at which lymph reenters the general circulation?
• What principle does a roller pump operate on?
• Where does most (70-80%) of the whole-body hypokalemic response to insulin occur?
• What method is used to test the occlusion on a roller pump?
• True or False: Decreasing the viscosity of blood leads to an increase in venous return.
• All of the following are types of membrane oxygenators except for:
• In patients with chronic hypoxic conditions, what shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?
• Which physiological condition causes decreased heart rate?
• What is the term for the oval, depressed area on the adult interatrial septal wall?
• Which part does the right vagus nerve primarily innervate?
• According to Gravlee, which component is primarily responsible for thrombin generation and the inflammatory response?
• During hypothermia, which statement is true regarding oxygen delivery?
• Which drug acts on the Vagus nerve and is indicated in cases of bradycardia?
• Which of the following fits the hemodynamic criteria for an LVAD?
• What is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure called?
• At the same length and PRMs, 1/2 inch tubing carries _____ times more flow than 1/4 inch tubing.
• CVP yields information about which two parameters?
• What organ secretes digestive enzymes and plays a role in secreting endocrine hormones such as insulin?
• All of the following are advantages of retrograde cardioplegia except?
• True or False: Blood with a hemoglobin level of 15g can transport approximately 20mL of oxyhemoglobin.
• What does the acronym GMI represent in a clinical context?
• Which of the following is not a clinical consequence of atelectasis?
• What are the three potential ways inadequate oxygen delivery to the brain can occur during CPB?
• What process does ischemic preconditioning enhance?
• Which anterior branch does NOT receive a contribution from the posterior intercostal arteries?
• Ischemic preconditioning is defined as what?
• In terms of cardioplegia technique, what is a common requirement for it to be effective?
• Ultrafiltration during CPB is primarily limited by which factor?
• What condition can result from prolonged inadequate blood flow?
• Which perfusion strategy is designed to minimize the inflammatory response during cardiopulmonary bypass?
• What should be monitored when using barbiturates during surgery?
• What is the recommended management approach for cerebral blood flow during CPB?
• What mechanism do platelets participate in or initiate?
• What do the chordae tendineae attach to in the heart?
• Which physiological process is primarily responsible for fluid movement across the capillary membrane?
• In the context of perfusion, which variable is critical for assessing oxygen delivery to tissues?
• What principle is used in the boundary layer theory of gas movement in an oxygenator to maximize gas exchange?
• During which physiological state would you most likely see decreased blood trauma from a roller pump?
• Is pancreatic blood flow effectively autoregulated during hypothermic CPB?
• Which type of vessel is classified as a resistance vessel?
• The use of Citrate Phosphate Dextrose (CPD-A) in blood in the perfusate affects which parameters?
• Acute renal failure can be prevented by using which of the following?
• What physiological effect is commonly associated with fluid overload?
• The primary component of the gas exchange process in the lungs is?
• Under non-CPB conditions, what is the approximate MAP that a healthy adult brain maintains for adequate blood flow?
• At which point in pregnancy does a woman have the greatest risk of a dissecting aneurysm?
• True or False: In CPB practice, temperature is the only determinant of cerebral blood flow.
• What device is commonly associated with hemoconcentration and removal of inflammatory mediators in pediatric patients?
• What term describes leukocytes passing through capillary pores into body tissues?
• At what myocardial temperature does spontaneous arrest occur?
• Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO)?
• Deferoxamine (desferrioxamine) administered in large doses is a(n):
• A 72-year-old man with a marked abdominal pain has an astronomically elevated serum amylase level. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Which condition accurately describes the effect of hypothermia on oxygen availability in tissues?
• What is the name of the technique commonly used to insert a catheter?
• One revolution of 1/4 inch tubing will provide what volume?
• A patient at the end of ECC exhibits HIGH BP and HIGH filling pressures along with LOW stroke volume. What does this condition likely indicate?
• What are the two main lymphatic drainage vessels in the body?
• During clot formation, formed factor Xa and which other factor stimulate healthy endothelial cells to release enzymes?
• What is the normal plasma volume of a 70kg adult man?
• What are the names of the cusps of the aortic valve?
• Which of the following is not a limitation associated with antegrade cardioplegia?
• What complication can arise from improper suctioning technique in perfusion?
• Which electrolyte imbalance is frequently seen in renal failure?