What are two procedures used to correct pulmonary stenosis or atresia?

The Fontan procedure and the Rastelli procedure are indeed both surgical interventions used to address conditions like pulmonary stenosis or atresia, particularly in the context of complex congenital heart defects.

The Fontan procedure is primarily used for patients with single ventricle physiology, which often occurs in conditions involving pulmonary stenosis or atresia. It enables systemic venous return to flow directly into the pulmonary arteries without passing through the heart, effectively bypassing the right ventricle which may not function optimally. This procedure is crucial for improving oxygenation and overall cardiac output in patients who cannot undergo a standard two-ventricle repair.

The Rastelli procedure is an alternative approach that is utilized for patients with a combination of a ventricular septal defect and related outflow tract obstructions, such as pulmonary atresia. In this procedure, a conduit (tube) is created to allow blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries, while directing blood from the left ventricle to the aorta. This can resolve the issues of obstruction and help ensure proper blood flow to both the lungs and the body.

Both the Fontan and Rastelli procedures serve crucial roles in managing conditions involving pulmonary outflow tract issues, making the combination of